Dynamics Of Transport In Plasmas And Charged Beams

The problem of particle transport in extended systems is addressed in this book. It has important implications from both the conceptual and applied points of view. A community of researchers from different disciplines and fields is actively engaged in studying this problem, often using similar methodologies. The main subjects covered in this book are relevant to nonlinear diffusion in plasmas and to transport dynamics in accelerators and free electron lasers.

Physics of Intense Charged Particle Beams in High Energy Accelerators is a graduate-level text — complete with 75 assigned problems — which covers a broad range of topics related to the fundamental properties of collective processes and nonlinear dynamics of intense charged particle beams in periodic focusing accelerators and transport systems. The subject matter is treated systematically from first principles, using a unified theoretical approach, and the emphasis is on the development of basic concepts that illustrate the underlying physical processes in circumstances where intense self fields play a major role in determining the evolution of the system. The theoretical analysis includes the full influence of dc space charge and intense self-field effects on detailed equilibrium, stability and transport properties, and is valid over a wide range of system parameters ranging from moderate-intensity, moderate-emittance beams to very-high-intensity, low-emittance beams. This is particularly important at the high beam intensities envisioned for present and next generation accelerators, colliders and transport systems for high energy and nuclear physics applications and for heavy ion fusion. The statistical models used to describe the properties of intense charged particle beams are based on the Vlasov-Maxwell equations, the macroscopic fluid-Maxwell equations, or the Klimontovich-Maxwell equations, as appropriate, and extensive use is made of theoretical techniques developed in the description of one-component nonneutral plasmas, and multispecies electrically-neutral plasmas, as well as established techniques in accelerator physics, classical mechanics, electrodynamics and statistical physics.Physics of Intense Charged Particle Beams in High Energy Accelerators emphasizes basic physics principles, and the thorough presentation style is intended to have a lasting appeal to graduate students and researchers alike. Because of the advanced theoretical techniques developed for describing one-component charged particle systems, a useful companion volume to this book is Physics of Nonneutral Plasmas by Ronald C Davidson./a

A nonneutral plasma is a many-body collection of charged particles in which there is not overall charge neutrality. The diverse areas of application of nonneutral plasmas include: precision atomic clocks, trapping of antimatter plasmas and antihydrogen production, quantum computers, nonlinear vortex dynamics and fundamental transport processes in trapped nonneutral plasmas, strongly-coupled one-component plasmas and Coulomb crystals, coherent radiation generation in free electron devices, such as free electron lasers, magnetrons and cyclotron masers, and intense charged particle beam propagation in periodic focusing accelerators and transport systems, to mention a few examples. Physics of Nonneutral Plasmas is a graduate-level text — complete with 138 assigned problems and the results from several classic experiments — which covers a broad range of topics related to the fundamental properties of collective processes and nonlinear dynamics of one-component and multispecies charged particle systems in which there is not overall charge neutrality. The subject matter is treated systematically from first principles, using a unified theoretical approach, and the emphasis is on the development of basic concepts that illustrate the underlying physical processes in circumstances where intense self fields play a major role in determining the evolution of the system. The theoretical analysis includes the full influence of dc space charge effects on detailed equilibrium, stability and transport properties. The statistical models used to describe the properties of nonneutral plasmas are based on the nonlinear Vlasov-Maxwell equations, the macroscopic fluid-Maxwell equations, or the Klimontovich-Maxwell equations, as appropriate, and extensive use is made of theoretical techniques developed in the description of multispecies electrically-neutral plasmas, as well as established techniques in classical mechanics, electrodynamics and statistical physics.Physics of Nonneutral Plasmas emphasizes basic physics principles, and the thorough presentation style is intended to have a lasting appeal to graduate students and researchers alike. Because of the advanced theoretical techniques developed for describing one-component charged particle systems, this book serves as a useful companion volume to Physics of Intense Charged Particle Beams in High Energy Accelerators by Ronald C Davidson and Hong Qin.

"Charged Beam Dynamics, Particle Accelerators and Free Electron Lasers' summarises different topics in the field of accelerators and of Free Electron Laser (FEL) devices. It explains how to design both an FEL device and the accelerator providing the driving beam. Covering both theoretical and experimental aspects, this book allows researchers to attempt a first design of an FEL device."--Prové de l'editor.

As the twenty-first century progresses, plasma technology will play an increasing role in our lives, providing new sources of energy, ion-plasma processing of materials, wave electromagnetic radiation sources, space plasma thrusters, and more. Studies of the plasma state of matter not only accelerate technological developments but also improve the

This thesis discusses transport phenomena of charged particles in low pressure plasmas which are of particular interest to electric propulsion systems. Electrons of low collisionality behave nonlocally and their thermodynamic interpretation should be revisited as traditional thermodynamic concepts are based on the collision-dominated local equilibrium. The polytropic process is adapted to nonlocal electron transport during plasma expansion. A conservation relation between electron enthalpy and potential energy is derived from nonlocal electron energy probability functions and verified by previously published measurements in a laboratory helicon double layer thruster. Analysis of the experimental data shows that although the electron transport along a divergent magnetic field is an adiabatic process, it yields a polytropic index of 1.17, which is less than the classic adiabatic index of 5/3. A theoretical perspective of how nonlocal electron energy probability functions determine the polytropic index is investigated through three different bi-Maxwellian distributions. The polytropic index increases when the electron energy probability function becomes more convex and decreases when more concave. The polytropic index of 5/3 corresponds to a Heaviside distribution and is an element of a set of polytropic indices for systems governed by nonlocal particle dynamics. Considering interrelations between the solar wind and laboratory plasmas, a new scenario is hypothesized for the thermodynamic behavior of the solar wind: although the solar electrons give a polytropic index less than 5/3, their actual transport might be adiabatic. Ion beam experiments are carried out in the Chi-Kung reactor implemented with a cylindrical plasma source (cylindrical plasma thruster) or an annular plasma source (annular plasma thruster). The cylindrical plasma thruster can be operated under a high magnetic field mode and a low magnetic field mode. In the high field mode, a bi-directional ion beam travelling in opposite directions is respectively measured in the converging and diverging parts of a magnetic nozzle, exhibiting a very different scenario from the classic one-directional nozzle flow of compressible gases. No ion beam is detected for the low field mode although an axial potential drop exists in the plasma source, for which a correlation between ion beam formation and radial plasma transport at the magnetic throat is revealed. The annular plasma thruster provides an enhanced degree of freedom in terms of electron heating by using either an outer antenna or an inner antenna. Electron transport in the annular system is characterized and compared for the two opposite antenna cases. An annular ion beam is observed downstream of the plasma source for the outer antenna case while not for the inner antenna case. It merges into a solid structure (with the central hollow filled) in the diffusion chamber and a reversed-cone wake is formed behind the inner tube. Transport behavior of an annular plasma is greatly changed from a cylindrical plasma due to the occurrence of an inner wall boundary. Depending on the presence of ion-neutral collisions or not, collisional modeling and collisionless modeling are respectively developed to better understand radial transport of unmagnetized charged particles across annuli. The electrons are in an equilibrium state and assumed to be governed by the Boltzmann relation (equivalent to a Maxwellian equilibrium). The collisional ion transport is described by three mobility governed models: a low field electric field model, an intermediate electric field model and a high electric field model. The collisionless ion transport is studied using the Tonks and Langmuir theory and the solution is expressed in terms of the Maclaurin series approximant and Padé rational approximant. The annular modeling is applied to argon plasmas and discussed for different Paschen numbers and annular geometries.

Existing textbooks on plasma physics usually contain only a minor contribution devoted to plasma transport. The aim of Transport Processes in Plasmas'' is to provide a comprehensive and unified presentation of the transport theory in plasmas. This subject is of great importance in general statistical and plasma physics; moreover, it constitutes a keystone in the thermonuclear fusion programme as well as in astro- and geophysics. The subject is presented here by unified concepts, methods and notations. The contents are strongly embedded in a general framework of theoretical physics, appealing to modern Hamiltonian mechanics, kinetic theory, non-equilibrium thermodynamics, etc. The necessary concepts from these disciplines are briefly but completely explained, making the two volumes a self-contained text. Plasma transport theory can be characterised as a truly interdisciplinary activity, and several chapters are included containing the important concepts of these peripheral fields, briefly and completely. Many new features are introduced in those two volumes.