Disorders Of The Monocyte Macrophage System

The origin and function of normal monocytes and macrophages have been clearly defined by extensive investigations in human and in animal models. The central importance ofthis cell system for the biological defense mecha nisms is well established: phagocytosis, inactivation and destruction of organic and inorganic materials, an important role in the initiation ofhumo ral and cell mediated immunological responses, and the secretion of a varie ty of chemical mediator and effector substances are the most important fea tures of this ontogenetically ancient cell system. However, the data on this cellular system are rather recent, and this may explain why relatively little attention has been payed to the pathology of the monocyte-macrophage system (MMS) until now. In addition, this monograph should focus attention on the secondarypa thophysiological implications of the MMS in disorders not primarily origi nating from this system. Several techniques are available to identify even abnormal individuals of this cell system and, therefore, can be employed for the study of severely altered or neoplastic monocytic cells.

The most practical and efficient guide to the diagnosis and management of blood disorders – now in full color 200 full-color illustrations! Hematology in Clinical Practice is a succinct, cutting-edge guide to the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of red blood cells, white blood cells, and hemostasis, and the use of blood components for transfusion. Each disease state is discussed in detail, incorporating the pathophysiology, clinical features, up-to-date laboratory testing, and current management strategies into a comprehensive and practical approach to hematologic disorders. Features: New full-color presentation includes over 200 superb illustrations and classic images of blood morphology, tissue pathology, and clinical findings New Case Histories introduce and continue through relevant chapters, highlighting critical clinical points for diagnosis and management New end-of-chapter Points to Remember encapsulate key clinical information New chapters include Anemia in the Elderly and expanded and updated coverage of Transplantation and treatment of hematologic malignancies Outstanding collection of tables, charts, and illustrations that translate basic science into valuable clinical context Strong focus on practical clinical management and supportive care Coverage of state-of-the-art drugs and chemotherapies and the latest advances in genetic testing and molecular pathways Conveniently organized into sections on Red Cells, White Cells, Hemostasis, and Transfusion Medicine

Immunobiology of the Macrophage presents an account of the state of knowledge of the immunobiology of the macrophage. The book’s contributors—immunologists of diverse scientific and geographic backgrounds—have been encouraged to give personal accounts of developments in their special fields of interest as well as critical surveys of the backgrounds leading to these developments. The book begins with a study on the functions of macrophages in the initiation and regulation of antibody responses in vitro. This is followed by separate chapters on topics such as the role of macrophages in making antigen more immunogenic and less tolerogenic; functional distinctions between macrophages at different sites; and the role of the macrophage in antigen recognition by T lymphocytes. Subsequent chapters examine interactions between macrophages and lymphocytes in the production of interferon and other mediators of cellular immunity; macrophage cell lines and their uses in immunobiology; and cytotoxic macrophages in allograft rejection.

The study and therapeutic application of macrophages is a rapidly developing field. Tremendous progress has been made in understanding the phenotypes and functions of macrophages in healthy and diseased tissues and organs. Following the great success of Volume 62: "Macrophages - Origin, Functions and Biointervention" published in this series, this new book now focuses on the role of monocytes and macrophages in development, regeneration and disease. This new volume offers an overview of the latest developments in monocyte and macrophage subtypes and functions across various tissues including adipose tissue, bones, liver, lungs, testes, and the nervous system. The book also reviews existing and potential therapies targeted towards the macrophages and describes their homeostatic functions. It explores how macrophage cell cycle, metabolism, mitochondrial activity, histone acetylation status, and interaction with the extracellular matrix contribute to changes in macrophage phenotype and function in health and disease. Additionally, it examines the interactions between macrophages and cancer cells, bacteria, helminth parasites, and their role in the colonization and spread of HIV. For ease of reference, the volume is divided into three sections: Part I Nonimmunologic and immunologic functions of monocytes/macrophages Part II Tissue/organ specific functions of macrophages Part III Macrophage functions and dysfunction in diseases This book will be of interest to researchers working in the fields of developmental biology, immunology, cancer research, and therapeutic applications. It is written to inform and inspire experts and newcomers to the field of macrophages.

The structure, functions, and interactions of myeloid cells have long been the focus of research and therapeutics development. Yet, much more remains to be discovered about the complex web of relationships that makes up the immune systems of animals. Scientists today are applying genome-wide analyses, single-cell methods, gene editing, and modern imaging techniques to reveal new subclasses of differentiated myeloid cells, new receptors and cytokines, and important interactions among immune cells. In Myeloid Cells in Health and Disease: A Synthesis, Editor Siamon Gordon has assembled an international team of esteemed scientists to provide their perspectives of myeloid cells during innate and adaptive immunity. The book begins by presenting the foundational research of Paul Ehrlich, Elie Metchnikoff, and Donald Metcalf. The following chapters discuss evolution and the life cycles of myeloid cells; specific types of differentiated myeloid cells, including macrophage differentiation; and antigen processing and presentation. The rest of the book is organized by broad topics in immunology, including the recruitment of myeloid and other immune cells following microbial infection the role of myeloid cells in the inflammation process and the repair of damaged tissue the vast arsenal of myeloid cell secretory molecules, including metalloproteinases, tumor necrosis factor, histamine, and perforin receptors and downstream signaling pathways that are activated following ligand-receptor binding roles of myeloid cells during microbial and parasite infections contributions of myeloid cells in atherosclerosis myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor development and cancer Myeloid Cells in Health and Disease: A Synthesis will benefit graduate students and researchers in immunology, hematology, microbial pathogenesis, infectious disease, pathology, and pharmacology. Established scientists and physicians in these and related fields will enjoy the book's rich history of myeloid cell research and suggestions for future research directions and potential therapies.

The Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS) of vertebrates is composed of monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Together, they form part of the first line of immune defense against a variety of pathogens (bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses), and thus play an important role in maintaining organism homeostasis. The mode of transmission, type of replication and mechanism of disease-causing differ significantly for each pathogen, eliciting a unique immune response in the host. Within this context, the MPS acts as both the sentinel and tailor of the immune system. As sentinels, MPS cells are found in blood and within tissues throughout the body to patrol against pathogenic insult. The strategy to detect 'microbial non-self' relies on MPS to recognize conserved microbial products known as 'pathogen-associated molecular pattern' (PAMPs). PAMPs recognition represents a checkpoint in the response to pathogens and relies on conserved 'pattern recognition receptors' (PRRs). Upon PRR engagement, MPS mount a cell-autonomous attack that includes the internalization and compartmentalization of intracellular pathogens into toxic compartments that promote destruction. In parallel, MPS cells launch an inflammatory response composed of a cellular arm and soluble factors to control extracellular pathogens. In cases when innate immunity fails to eliminate the invading microbe, MPS serves as a tailor to generate adaptive immunity for pathogen eradication and generation of "memory" cells, thus ensuring enhanced protection against re-infection. Indeed, MPS cell functions comprise the capture, process, migration and delivery of antigenic information to lymphoid organs, where type-1 immunity is tailored against intracellular microbes and type-2 immunity against extracellular pathogens. However, this potent adaptive immunity is also a double-edge sword that can cause aberrant inflammatory disorders, like autoimmunity or chronic inflammation. For this reason, MPS also tailors tolerance immunity against unwanted inflammation. Successful clearance of the microbe results in its destruction and proper collection of debris, resolution of inflammation and tissue healing for which MPS is essential. Reciprocally, as part of the evolutionary process taking place in all organisms, microbes evolved strategies to circumvent the actions bestowed by MPS cells. Multiple pathogens modulate the differentiation, maturation and activation programs of the MPS, as an efficient strategy to avoid a dedicated immune response. Among the most common evasion strategies are the subversion of phagocytosis, inhibition of PRR-mediated immunity, resistance to intracellular killing by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, restriction of phagosome maturation, modulation of cellular metabolism and nutrient acquisition, regulation of cell death and autophagy, and modulation of pro-inflammatory responses and hijacking of tolerance mechanisms, among others. The tenet of this eBook is that a better understanding of MPS in infection will yield insights for development of therapeutics to enhance antimicrobial processes or dampen detrimental inflammation for the host's benefit. We believe that contributions to this topic will serve as a platform for discussion and debate about relevant issues and themes in this field. Our aim is to bring expert junior and senior scientists to address recent progress, highlight critical knowledge gaps, foment scientific exchange, and establish conceptual frameworks for future MPS investigation in the context of infectious disease.

The term mononuclear phagocyte covers a group of cells including the macrophages in the tissues and the ancestors of these cells, i. e. , the monocytes in the peripheral blood, and their precursors in the bone marrow, the promonocytes and monoblasts. Among the cells originating in the bone marrow, the mononuclear phagocytes constitute a separate cell line. The effector cell of this line is the macrophage, which plays an important role in the host defence against infective agents and neoplastic cells as well as in the removal of antigens, antigen-antibody complexes, effete cells, and damaged tissues. Metchnikoff ( r 892) was the first to describe the macrophage and the microphage, the latter now being called polymorphonuclear leucocyte or granulocyte, and to recognize that phagocytes not only serve as scavengers, but also play an important role in the host defence against micro-organisms. However, Haeckel ( r862) had made the first observa­ tion of endocytosis 30 years before. In his book 'Die Radiolaren' published in r862, Haeckel wrote: I first observed this phenomenon in May, 1859, in a specimen of Thetis fimbria, which I had injected with an aqueous suspension of fine Indigo particles in connection with a study of the vascular system.

Monocytes represent one of the major types of white blood cells in man which prevent infection by ingesting and killing invading pathogens and by releasing factors which stimulate and regulate lymphocytes. Monocytes "purify" the blood, removing immune complexes, mediating inflammatory responses, and initiating tissue repair. Human Monocytes represents an up-to-date, definitive account of this important cell. It covers the cells biochemical, immunological, and inflammatory functionsand its role in many diseases, including asthma, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and AIDS.

The current volume concentrates on the development, heterogeneity, and function of macrophages. An international panel of contributors detail the different membrane receptors and surface molecules expressed by macrophages, and highlight recent studies of apoptosis, cell adhesion molecules, osteoclast biology, and macrophage electrophysiology. The work is rounded out by a comprehensive listing of macrophage antigens.