Determinants Of Cross Border Venture Capital Investments In Emerging And Developed Economies

Frequent and open interaction between venture capitalists (VCs) and entrepreneurs is necessary for venture capital investments to occur. Increasingly, these investments are made across jurisdictions. The vast majority of these cross-border investments are carried out in a syndicate of two or more VCs, indicating the effects of intra-industry networks needing further analysis. Using China as a model, we provide a novel multidimensional framework to explain cross-border investments in innovative ventures across developed and emerging economies. By analyzing a unique international dataset, we examine worldwide venture capital investment flows from 2000-2012 and consider the effects of geographical, cultural, and institutional proximity as well as institutional and relational trust. We find trust to mitigate the negative effects of geographical and cultural distance; where institutional trust is more relevant for investments in emerging economies, relational trust is more relevant for investments in developed economies.

Jeng and Wells (2000) initialized the examination of venture capital (VC) determinants across countries. Meanwhile, we enlarge their scope using aggregated VC funding in 118 countries, 78 being considered emerging markets, using panel data from 2000 to 2013. We show that M&A activity, legal rights and investor protection, innovation, IP protection, corruption and also corporate taxes and unemployment have impact. We reveal the economic magnitude and direction of impact of the determinants to be different for the two country categories for several parameters, enhancing previous research by emphasizing that VC investment drivers can be different for developed and developing countries.

Cross-Border Investing: The Case of Central and Eastern Europe offers a view that reflects two main hypotheses: -You cannot understand foreign direct investment (FDI) trends and developments unless you understand the company's motives to invest, -You cannot understand a company's cross-border investment decision-making unless you understand what the investment area offers. This is the reason why this text builds up a relationship between the world of companies' decision-makers and that of the policy makers in the public sector. It does so by linking the business processes to the factors that together constitute the location profile of a country or a region. Based on more than 15 years of practical experience as well as research in the field of FDI, Dr Julia Djarova offers a Cross-Border Investment Model to describe the logic behind the decision-making process concerning foreign investments made by companies. The model is illustrated by a number of case studies of multinationals.

Hortense Tarrade analyses over 200,000 venture capital (VC) investments over the past 20 years to understand the investors' motivation to select national or foreign companies into their portfolio. She compares the sensitivity of US-based, non-US and German VC firms to the availability of local deal supply and demand as well as the relative importance of their intrinsic capabilities in their investment scope decision ("Why do VC firms invest on a national, continental or global scope?"). Further, she provides an in-depth analysis of the role of geographic and cultural distance in investments by German VCs ("Why do VC firms invest in a target location rather than another?").

We investigate the determinants of cross-border venture capital (VC) performance using a large sample of 10,205 cross-border VC investments by 1,906 foreign VC firms (VCs) in 6,535 domestic portfolio companies. We focus on the impact of a domestic country's economic freedom on the performance of both VC investments and portfolio companies using a probit model and the Cox hazard model. After controlling for other related factors of domestic countries, portfolio companies, VCs and the global VC market, as well as year and industry fixed effects, we find that a domestic country's economic freedom is crucial to cross-border VC performance. In particular, in a more economically free country, as measured by the raw values of, quartiles of or the ranking in the index of economic freedom (IEF), a foreign VC-backed portfolio company is more likely to pull off a successful exit through an IPO (initial public offering) or an M&A (merger and acquisition), and a foreign VC firm is likely to spend a shorter investment duration in the portfolio company. We also identify interesting evidence on the impact of many other level factors of domestic countries, portfolio companies, VCs and the global VC market on cross-border VC performance.

This volume presents a comprehensive analysis of the business, financial and economic aspects of emerging markets. Using case studies from India, Turkey, Bangladesh and Africa, it discusses themes such as megaprojects, infrastructure and sustainability; cross-border mergers and acquisitions; a new paradigm for educational markets; exports competitiveness; work engagement in service sector; mobile banking and crowdfunding; and venture capital flow into emerging economies, to focus on the trade, foreign investment, financial, and social progress of these economies. The chapters review the current state, learnings, changing scenarios, business practices, and financial and economic perspectives across emerging markets while examining progression, challenges and the way forward. With its rigorous approach and topical content, this book will be useful to scholars and researchers of management studies, business management, financial management, business economics, international business, finance and marketing, development studies and economics. It will also interest policymakers and practitioners in the field.

We analyze capital flows to emerging markets in a framework that incorporates two quantitative measures of financial integration, the intensity of capital controls and the extent of cross border listings, while controlling for traditional global (push) and country specific (pull) factors. Two important results emerge. First, the cross listing of an emerging market firm on a U.S. exchange is an important but short lived capital flows event, suggesting that the cross listed stock is in effect a new security that U.S. investors quickly bring into their portfolios. Second, the effect of financial liberalization on capital flows is more nuanced than is suggested by event studies: A reduction in capital controls results in increased inflows only when the controls are binding. Among the standard push and pull factors, global factors are important-slack U.S. economic activity is associated with increased flows to emerging markets-and U.S. investors appear to chase expected, but not past, returns.

Inhaltsangabe:Introduction: In today s modern economy a country s or region s competitiveness lies in its capability to innovate. Whilst earlier old and established companies were reliable producers of innovation as well as jobs, that is changing. The big corporations are outsourcing and downsizing, and the new technologies are emerging from companies that did not exist 20 years ago . This quotation taken from the Handbook of Research on Venture Capital points out the increasing relevance of the Schumpeterian growth regime of today s advanced economies which means that growth and wealth is unlikely to be maximized if most new business developments are carried out by old long-existing corporations. While in Europe only few global champions have been created in the past 50 years the United States economy seems to be capable of continuously creating great, leading-edge companies. Why is Europe lagging behind in enabling new ventures to become global champions? Why are successful high growth companies like Amazon, AMD, AOL, Apple, Cisco Systems, eBay, Genentech, Intel, Microsoft, Oracle, Sun Microsystems, Yahoo and recently Google all US based corporations and not of European or Japanese origin? One reason is seen in the outstanding capability of the US economy to put innovative business ideas from individuals, universities and other research institutions into practice and thus create with the help of a well developed venture capital industry new global champions. A strong and sophisticated VC industry is widely recognised for providing a major contribution to turn innovation into (internationally) successful high-growth corporations and therewith foster economic growth. Taking Germany as the largest economy in Europe this thesis will try to work out the main differences of the VC market in Germany - which is still considered as lagging behind - and its correspondent in the United States. While most of the previous comparative studies focus on single aspects of the VC market and the VC investment process this work will try to provide a brief but comprehensive empirical analysis of the entire venture capital investment process (from fundraising to exiting investments). As business in general and the venture capital industry in particular is considered to be increasingly influenced by socio-economic and cultural factors this thesis draws special attention to differences related to the influence of culture on both VC markets. Hence it will be [...]

Using a unique global dataset from developed countries, this paper provides evidence that not only traditional determinants of international capital flows affect cross-border venture capital flows, but that ties among local venture capital investors are related to size and style of these flows. Our results on size indicate that both number and value of cross-border flows between two countries increase with tie intensities within the local venture capital industries in both countries. Our results on style suggest that strong local ties go hand in hand with more intensive ties to foreign investors. Thus, rather than protecting the local market and fending off competition from foreign investors, local tie intensity seems to stimulate international syndication and expansion of venture capital financing across borders, which allows venture capital investors to build geographically diversified portfolios and to add value by building cross-border syndicates. These effects seem to be stronger for those foreign investors who already have experience in the particular destination country.

The rapid growth and development of emerging economies offer both opportunities and threats for international businesses. Understanding the economic development of emerging markets, combined with a knowledge of the increasingly complex international business market, enables better exploitation of opportunities in increasingly competitive world markets. The BRIC countries, the most prominent emerging markets, have long been discovered by foreign firms due to their enormous potential for investment opportunities. This book offers a comprehensive look at emerging markets, especially as they integrate with the global economy. It offers a conceptual framework to analyze emerging markets from multiple perspectives, including those of indigenous entrepreneurs struggling to overcome constraints to build world-class businesses, multinationals from developed countries tapping into emerging markets for their next growth spurt, and domestic and foreign investors seeking to profit from investment opportunities in emerging markets.