Cell Surface Engineering

A summary of the recent achievements in surface-functionalised cells including fabrication, characterisation, applications and nanotoxicity.

This book provides a detailed and up-to-date overview of all aspects of yeast cell surface engineering, including fundamental principles, practical strategies for the construction of engineered yeasts, as well as medical and industrial applications. The technique makes it possible to add eukaryotic modifications to the surface-displayed proteins/peptides, which is of significant value in basic and applied research. Generally referred to as an arming (molecular display) technology, it allows yeast to be used as a whole-cell biocatalyst for a range of purposes, including bio-energy production, pollutant removal, recovery of rare metal ions, and preparation of functional cells, all of which are comprehensively covered in the book. Among the medical applications discussed are in vitro antibody preparation and the production of oral vaccines. In addition, it presents the latest advances in protein engineering and high-throughput screening for directed evolution of enzymes. The book enables graduate students and researchers to gain a deeper, comprehensive understanding of the technology, and offers further inspiration for researchers and industrial experts in this rapidly evolving field.

Micro- and Nanoengineering of the Cell Surface explores the direct engineering of cell surfaces, enabling materials scientists and chemists to manipulate or augment cell functions and phenotypes. The book is accessible for readers across industry, academia, and in clinical settings in multiple disciplines, including materials science, engineering, chemistry, biology, and medicine. Written by leaders in the field, it covers numerous cell surface engineering methods along with their current and potential applications in cell therapy, tissue engineering, biosensing, and diagnosis. The interface of chemistry, materials science, and biology presents many opportunities for developing innovative tools to diagnose and treat various diseases. However, cell surface engineering using chemistry and materials science approaches is a new and diverse field. This book provides a full coverage of the subject, introducing the fundamentals of cell membrane biology before exploring the key application areas. Demystifies the direct engineering of cell surfaces, enabling materials scientists and chemists to manipulate or augment cell functions and phenotypes Provides a toolkit of micro- and nanoengineering approaches to the manipulation of the cell surface Unlocks the potential of cell surface manipulation for a range of new applications in the fields of in vitro research, cell therapy, tissue engineering, biosensing, and diagnostics

Research on applications of polymers for biomedical applications has increased dramatically to find improved medical plastics for this rapidly evolving field. This book brings together various aspects of recent research and developments within academia and industry related to polymers for biomedical applications.

This book provides a detailed and up-to-date overview of all aspects of yeast cell surface engineering, including fundamental principles, practical strategies for the construction of engineered yeasts, as well as medical and industrial applications. The technique makes it possible to add eukaryotic modifications to the surface-displayed proteins/peptides, which is of significant value in basic and applied research. Generally referred to as an arming (molecular display) technology, it allows yeast to be used as a whole-cell biocatalyst for a range of purposes, including bio-energy production, pollutant removal, recovery of rare metal ions, and preparation of functional cells, all of which are comprehensively covered in the book. Among the medical applications discussed are in vitro antibody preparation and the production of oral vaccines. In addition, it presents the latest advances in protein engineering and high-throughput screening for directed evolution of enzymes. The book enables graduate students and researchers to gain a deeper, comprehensive understanding of the technology, and offers further inspiration for researchers and industrial experts in this rapidly evolving field.

Cell surface engineering is an emerging field concerning cell surface modifications to enhance its functionalities. The book introduces the reader to the area of surface-functionalized cells and summarizes recent developments in the area including fabrication, characterization, applications and nanotoxicity. Topics covered include recent approaches for the functionalization of cells with nanomaterials (polymer nanofilms and nanoparticles), fabrication of functional biomimetic devices and assemblies based on nanoparticle-modified microbial cells and artificial spores (the bioinspired encapsulation of living cells with inorganic nanoshells). The book provides an interdisciplinary approach to the topic with authors from both biological and chemical backgrounds. This multidisciplinary view makes the book suitable for those interested in biomaterials, biochemistry, microbiology and colloid chemistry, providing both an introduction for postgraduate students as well as a comprehensive summary for those already working in the area. biomaterials, biochemistry, microbiology and colloid chemistry.

A one-stop reference that reviews protein design strategies to applications in industrial and medical biotechnology Protein Engineering: Tools and Applications is a comprehensive resource that offers a systematic and comprehensive review of the most recent advances in the field, and contains detailed information on the methodologies and strategies behind these approaches. The authors—noted experts on the topic—explore the distinctive advantages and disadvantages of the presented methodologies and strategies in a targeted and focused manner that allows for the adaptation and implementation of the strategies for new applications. The book contains information on the directed evolution, rational design, and semi-rational design of proteins and offers a review of the most recent applications in industrial and medical biotechnology. This important book: Covers technologies and methodologies used in protein engineering Includes the strategies behind the approaches, designed to help with the adaptation and implementation of these strategies for new applications Offers a comprehensive and thorough treatment of protein engineering from primary strategies to applications in industrial and medical biotechnology Presents cutting edge advances in the continuously evolving field of protein engineering Written for students and professionals of bioengineering, biotechnology, biochemistry, Protein Engineering: Tools and Applications offers an essential resource to the design strategies in protein engineering and reviews recent applications.

Cell surface engineering with artificial receptor holds great promise for various applications (e.g., cell therapy). Currently, genetic engineering is the most common strategy used for cell surface engineering. However, this technology is associated with several problems. The molecules exist in the form of monovalence (i.e., the display of an individual molecule) rather than polyvalency that allows for enhanced cell recognition. Moreover, it is technically challenging for a cell to express a high density of molecules. It is more challenging to control the expression of two or more than two molecules on the cell membrane. As a result, the molecules may have a random stoichiometric ratio. It is also important to note that some types of cells are not amenable to genetic modifications. Therefore, it is important to develop strategies to overcome these challenges. The overall objective of this dissertation is to develop a nongenetic engineering method for enhanced and well-controlled display of artificial receptor, such as antibodies or aptamers. The fundamental element of this method is to use synthetic DNA to display molecules on the cell surface. To achieve the objective, I synthesized a DNA template with well-defined repeating units and physically inserted it onto the cell surface. This DNA template allowed the display of not only polyvalent antibodies, but also polyvalent hybrid antibodies with a defined stoichiometric ratio. With this method, engineered cells could recognize target cells with high efficiency. Engineered cells could also bind target cells with antigen escape. As the current dogma suggests that chemical modification is more efficient to display molecules on the cell surface than physical insertion, I further compared the difference between physical insertion and chemical modification in the efficiency of displaying molecules. Contrary to the current dogma, I found that physical insertion led to the display of a higher density of molecules than chemical modification. In addition, physical insertion is much less cytotoxic than chemical modification. While physical insertion exhibited higher efficiency in displaying aptamers, their half-life of retention on the cell surface was only within the range of 1 to 2 hours. This short duration of retention limits the efficiency of cell recognition and binding. It is important to find a solution to the problem. Therefore, I crosslinked the DNA template through polyelectrolyte complexation to form an ultrathin biomimetic bacterial capsule on the cell membrane. The half-life of molecular retention on the cell membrane was increased by one order of magnitude to over 20 hours. As a result, engineered natural killer cells exhibited a much higher efficiency of recognizing and killing target cancer cells compared to natural killer cells without modification or modified with traditional methods. In summary, I have developed a novel method to display artificial receptor on the cell surface using the DNA template. This method holds great potential to overcome problems with low display density, poor control of stoichiometric ratios, and difficulty of modifying unamenable cell types. In principle, with this method, one or more than one aptamer or antibody can be displayed on the surface of any type of cells. Future works will focus on the application of this method for regenerative medicine and cancer immunotherapy.

Provides timely, comprehensive coverage of in vivo chemical reactions within live animals This handbook summarizes the interdisciplinary expertise of both chemists and biologists performing in vivo chemical reactions within live animals. By comparing and contrasting currently available chemical and biological techniques, it serves not just as a collection of the pioneering work done in animal-based studies, but also as a technical guide to help readers decide which tools are suitable and best for their experimental needs. The Handbook of In Vivo Chemistry in Mice: From Lab to Living System introduces readers to general information about live animal experiments and detection methods commonly used for these animal models. It focuses on chemistry-based techniques to develop selective in vivo targeting methodologies, as well as strategies for in vivo chemistry and drug release. Topics include: currently available mouse models; biocompatible fluorophores; radionuclides for radiodiagnosis/radiotherapy; live animal imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) imaging; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); ultrasound imaging; hybrid imaging; biocompatible chemical reactions; ligand-directed nucleophilic substitution chemistry; biorthogonal prodrug release strategies; and various selective targeting strategies for live animals. -Completely covers current techniques of in vivo chemistry performed in live animals -Describes general information about commonly used live animal experiments and detection methods -Focuses on chemistry-based techniques to develop selective in vivo targeting methodologies, as well as strategies for in vivo chemistry and drug release -Places emphasis on material properties required for the development of appropriate compounds to be used for imaging and therapeutic purposes in preclinical applications Handbook of In Vivo Chemistry in Mice: From Lab to Living System will be of great interest to pharmaceutical chemists, life scientists, and organic chemists. It will also appeal to those working in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.

This comprehensive work discusses novel biomolecular surfaces that have been engineered to either control or measure cell function at the atomic, molecular, and cellular levels. Each chapter presents real results, concepts, and expert perspectives of how cells interact with biomolecular surfaces, with particular emphasis on interactions within complex mechanical environments such as in the cardiovascular system. In addition, the book provides detailed coverage of inflammation and cellular immune response as a useful model for how engineering concepts and tools may be effectively applied to complex systems in biomedicine. -Accessible to biologists looking for new ways to model their results and engineers interested in biomedical applications -Useful to researchers in biomaterials, inflammation, and vascular biology -Excellent resource for graduate students as a textbook in cell & tissue engineering or cell mechanics courses