Cardiovascular And Respiratory Systems

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems: Modeling, Analysis, and Control uses a principle-based modeling approach and analysis of feedback control regulation to elucidate the physiological relationships. Models are arranged around specific questions or conditions, such as exercise or sleep transition, and are generally based on physiological mechanisms rather than on formal descriptions of input-output behavior. The authors ask open questions relevant to medical and clinical applications and clarify underlying themes of physiological control organization. Current problems, key issues, developing trends, and unresolved questions are highlighted. Researchers and graduate students in mathematical biology and biomedical engineering will find this book useful. It will also appeal to researchers in the physiological and life sciences who are interested in mathematical modeling.

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems: Modeling, Analysis, and Control uses a principle-based modeling approach and analysis of feedback control regulation to elucidate the physiological relationships. Models are arranged around specific questions or conditions, such as exercise or sleep transition, and are generally based on physiological mechanisms rather than on formal descriptions of input-output behavior. The authors ask open questions relevant to medical and clinical applications and clarify underlying themes of physiological control organization. Current problems, key issues, developing trends, and unresolved questions are highlighted. Researchers and graduate students in mathematical biology and biomedical engineering will find this book useful. It will also appeal to researchers in the physiological and life sciences who are interested in mathematical modeling.

This presentation describes various aspects of the regulation of tissue oxygenation, including the roles of the circulatory system, respiratory system, and blood, the carrier of oxygen within these components of the cardiorespiratory system. The respiratory system takes oxygen from the atmosphere and transports it by diffusion from the air in the alveoli to the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries. The cardiovascular system then moves the oxygenated blood from the heart to the microcirculation of the various organs by convection, where oxygen is released from hemoglobin in the red blood cells and moves to the parenchymal cells of each tissue by diffusion. Oxygen that has diffused into cells is then utilized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of all cells. The mitochondria are able to produce ATP until the oxygen tension or PO2 on the cell surface falls to a critical level of about 4–5 mm Hg. Thus, in order to meet the energetic needs of cells, it is important to maintain a continuous supply of oxygen to the mitochondria at or above the critical PO2 . In order to accomplish this desired outcome, the cardiorespiratory system, including the blood, must be capable of regulation to ensure survival of all tissues under a wide range of circumstances. The purpose of this presentation is to provide basic information about the operation and regulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as the properties of the blood and parenchymal cells, so that a fundamental understanding of the regulation of tissue oxygenation is achieved.

On April 8-9, 1994, a symposium entitled Control of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems in Health and Disease was held at the University of California Davis Medical Center in Sacramento. The purpose of this symposium was to honor the careers of Professors Hazel M. and John C. G. Coleridge. Participants in this symposium came from throughout the world. Their attendance at the symposium was a symbol of great respect and affection for the honorees. The Professors Coleridge have made many important contribu tions to the scientific literature concerning neural control of the cardiovascular and respira tory systems. In addition, they have made remarkable contributions to the lives of other scientists working in this field of investigation. Some of us have known them as mentors, counselors, friends, and supervisors; others have known them as co-investigators. Most importantly, all of us have known them as friends. This book, which contains the proceedings of the symposium, is dedicated to Hazel and John Coleridge. C. T. Kappagoda M. P. Kaufman v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to acknowledge the financial support of the following agencies for making this symposium a reality: • Astra Merck Group (Tarek Ackad, M. D. , Ph. D. ) • Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Ms. Kathryn B. Lucas and Mr. Allan Holloway) • Bristol-Myers Squibb (David L. Cram, Jr. , Pharm. D. ) • Marion/Merrrell Dow, Inc. (Mr. Brian Scheffield) • Merck and Company (Mr. Johnathan Sakakibara) • Pfizer Laboratories (Mr.

Cardiovascular, respiratory, and related conditions cause more than 40 percent of all deaths globally, and their substantial burden is rising, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Their burden extends well beyond health effects to include significant economic and societal consequences. Most of these conditions are related, share risk factors, and have common control measures at the clinical, population, and policy levels. Lives can be extended and improved when these diseases are prevented, detected, and managed. This volume summarizes current knowledge and presents evidence-based interventions that are effective, cost-effective, and scalable in LMICs.

This volume synthesizes theoretical and practical aspects of both the mathematical and life science viewpoints needed for modeling of the cardiovascular-respiratory system specifically and physiological systems generally. Theoretical points include model design, model complexity and validation in the light of available data, as well as control theory approaches to feedback delay and Kalman filter applications to parameter identification. State of the art approaches using parameter sensitivity are discussed for enhancing model identifiability through joint analysis of model structure and data. Practical examples illustrate model development at various levels of complexity based on given physiological information. The sensitivity-based approaches for examining model identifiability are illustrated by means of specific modeling examples. The themes presented address the current problem of patient-specific model adaptation in the clinical setting, where data is typically limited.

In Volume 2 of the Wonders of the Human Body series, Dr. Tommy Mitchell covers the intricate design of both the cardiovascular system, consisting of the blood, blood vessels, and heart, as well as the respiratory system that focuses on the transportation of oxygen through the body. From the level of the cells to the organs themselves, you will examine these systems in depth. In the Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems, prepare to discover the incredible design of the human heart, including: The incredible design of the human heart and how it is really “two pumps in one!”How blood moves through an incredible network of arteries and veinsWhat “blood pressure” is and the marvelous systems that help regulate itHow the respiratory system allows us to get the “bad air out “ and the “good air in” Along the way, we will see what happens when things go wrong. We will also suggest things to do to keep the heart and lungs healthy. Although the world insists that our bodies are merely the result of time and chance, as you examine the human body closely, you will see that it cannot be an accident. It can only be the product of a Master Designer.

This volume is a comprehensive textbook for the undergraduate course in sports nutrition. Focusing on exercise physiology, this text is to be used in a certification course sponsored by the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN).

Wonders of the Human Body, Volume Two, covers both the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. From the level of the cell to the organs themselves, we will examine these systems in depth. Here you will learn: The incredible design of the human heart and how it is really “two pumps in one!” How blood moves through an incredible network of arteries and veins What “blood pressure” is and the marvelous systems that help regulate it How the respiratory system allows us to get the “bad air out “ and the “good air in” Along the way, we will see what happens when things go wrong. We will also suggest things to do to keep the heart and lungs healthy. Although the world insists that our bodies are merely the result of time and chance, as you examine the human body closely, you will see that it cannot be an accident. It can only be the product of a Master Designer.

The aim of this book is to spread and make easier the use of comprehensive modelling for research, educational and clinical applications. Flexible and modular numerical, physical and hybrid models developed to assess patho-physiology of cardiovascular and respiratory systems are the subject of the book. The models discussed in the book are effective and easy to use tools to simulate circulatory and respiratory systems, their interactions and their mechanical support. The models can be applied to analyse data, predict the trend of selected variables not routinely measured and to identify critical variables to be monitored. Spreading of comprehensive modelling can offer to physicians and engineers powerful tools to analyse complex phenomena and interactions involving circulatory and respiratory systems along with their mechanical assistance. The complexity of the circulatory and respiratory systems makes their analysis very difficult or sometimes impossible in clinical environment.