Calix4arene And Its Application For The Recognition Of Biomolecules

Research on molecular recognition of amino compounds, such as biogenic amines, amino acids, peptides, proteins, and carbohydrate like essential substrates in biological processes, by synthetic receptors is an issue of great concern from both a supramolecular chemistry and analytical application point of view. Among naturally occurring amino acids tryptophan (L-Trp) is the most fluorescent, the indole ring of L-Trp have recently been the subject of much investigation due to the functional and structural prominence of such interactions in chemistry and biology. Recently, it was found that the reduced nutritional state of patients with chronic kidney disease could be attributed to the deficiency of histidine (L-His). L-His rich proteins are found to play many important roles in humans and their abnormal level could indicate a variety of diseases. Therefore, selective detection of L-His and L-Trp in biological fluids has become a significant objective and a number of methods have been developed for this purpose.

Calix[n]arenes represent an interesting class of preorganized aromatic hosts exhibiting an enhanced ability for cation- interaction. In many biological systems, metal cation- interactions play an important role in molecular recognition. Interest has focused on the interaction between organic cations in both natural and synthetic receptors. Systematic studies of a series of related structures of artificial receptor molecules have revealed the role played by cation- interactions. Calixarenes and related skeletons are a widely used platform in order to study cation- interactions. This book emphasis on functionalization of calix[4]arene and its applications in various fields such as inclusion complex, ion selective electrodes, fluorescence sensor, liquid crystals and calix[4]arene based nanoassemblies as sensor."

Synthetic receptor molecules, molecules that mimic antibody recognition, are widely used for developing drug leads; drug delivery vehicles; imaging agents; sensing agents; capture agents and separation systems. Synthetic Receptors for Biomolecules covers the most effective synthetic receptors for each major class of biomolecules within the context of specific applications. The book starts with an introduction to the applications of synthetic receptors for biomolecules and their design and synthesis for biomolecule recognition. Dedicated chapters then cover synthetic receptors for the key biomolecules including inorganic cations; small organic and inorganic anions; carbohydrates; nucleosides/nucleotides; oligonucleotides; amino acids and peptides; protein surfaces as well as non-polar and polar lipids; Each chapter follows the same systematic format of (a) chemical structures and physical properties of the biomolecule, (b) biological recognition of the biomolecule, (c) synthetic receptors for the biomolecule, (d) future directions and challenges. Edited by a leader in the field, the book is written in an accessible style for readers new to supramolecular chemistry or for those looking for synthetic receptors.

The work described in this thesis is concerned mainly with the synthesis and characterization of bimodal calix[4]arene and calix[4]naphthalene derivatives. Their complexation properties with some Group 1, Group 2 and transition metal cation guests were studied. Chapter 1 provides an overview of supramolecular chemistry, calixarenes and calixnaphthalenes and the methods employed herein. In Chapter 2, the synthesis of some selected upper- and lower-rim functionalized calix[4]arene derivatives and their complexation studies are described. The lower rim of the calix[4]arene derivatives are modified with O-methyl, O-ethyl esters and crown ether moieties which selectively bind to Group 1 and 2 metal ions. Current studies on the development of a microcantilever (MCL)-based real-time device employing modified calix[4]arene-derived sensing layers are on-going in collaborative work with Dr. L.Y. Beaulieu's group in the Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography at Memorial University. In order to test the selectivity for different metal ions with the sensing layers needed for the different MCLs envisioned in the MCL instrument; the work described in Chapter 3 concerns the synthesis and applications of new triazole-bridged anthracene/pyrene-appended calix[4]arene derivatives. The synthetic strategy involved a -click‖ reaction as the key step. In the study reported herein, their complexation properties with various metal ions were investigated by fluorescence, UV-vis and 1H-NMR spectroscopic analyses. Chapter 4, describes the synthesis and applications towards selective metal ion recognition by a calix[4]arene-NHC (N-heterocyclic carbene) derivative. The lower rim of the calix[4]arene was functionalized with two different groups, one of which consists of a 1,3 bridged -crown-5‖ and the other 1,3 positions with imidazole groups. The resulting NHC enables the calix[4]arene to potentially form a stable self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on the Au surface of a microcantilever. In Chapter 5, the synthesis of some sulfonated calix[4]naphthalene derivatives and their complexation studies are described. In another collaborative project with Prof. A. Coleman's group at the University of Lyon, these naphthalene derivatives were shown to be capable of capping and stabilizing silver nanoparticles. Along with these properties, cyclotetrachromotropylene (-CTCT‖) was characterized and shown to be capable of selectively dispersing SWNTs into water. The resulting supramolecular complexes in a collaborative project with Y. Zhao's group at Memorial University and A. Adronov's group at McMaster University were characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy and UV-Vis-NIR analysis.

Fluorescence sensing is a rapidly developing field of research and technology. Its target is nearly the whole world of natural and synthetic compounds being detected in different media including living bodies. The application area range from control of industrial processes to environment monitoring and clinical diagnostics. Among different detection methods fluorescence techniques are distinguished by ultimate sensitivity, high temporal and spatial resolution and versatility that allows not only remote detection of different targets but their imaging within the living cells. The basic mechanism of sensing is the transmission of the signal produced by molecular interaction with the target to fluorescent molecules, nanoparticles and nanocomposites with the detection by devices based on modern electronics and optics. In this interdisciplinary field of research and development the book is primarily intended to be a guide for students and young researchers. It is also addressed to professionals involved in active research and product development serving as a reference for the recent achievements. The users of these products will find description of principles that could allow proper selection of sensors for particular needs. Making a strong link between education, research and product development, this book discusses future directions.

Because of their unique properties (size, shape, and surface functions), functional materials are gaining significant attention in the areas of energy conversion and storage, sensing, electronics, photonics, and biomedicine. Within the chapters of this book written by well-known researchers, one will find the range of methods that have been developed for preparation and functionalization of organic, inorganic and hybrid structures which are the necessary building blocks for the architecture of various advanced functional materials. The book discusses these innovative methodologies and research strategies, as well as provides a comprehensive and detailed overview of the cutting-edge research on the processing, properties and technology developments of advanced functional materials and their applications. Specifically, Advanced Functional Materials: Compiles the objectives related to functional materials and provides detailed reviews of fundamentals, novel production methods, and frontiers of functional materials, including metalic oxides, conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, discotic liquid crystalline dimers, calixarenes, crown ethers, chitosan and graphene. Discusses the production and characterization of these materials, while mentioning recent approaches developed as well as their uses and applications for sensitive chemiresistors, optical and electronic materials, solar hydrogen generation, supercapacitors, display and organic light-emitting diodes, functional adsorbents, and antimicrobial and biocompatible layer formation. This volume in the Advanced Materials Book Series includes twelve chapters divided into two main areas: Part 1: Functional Metal Oxides: Architecture, Design and Applications and Part 2: Multifunctional Hybrid Materials: Fundamentals and Frontiers

Contributions featuring the chemistry and applications of a family of macrocyclic compounds collectively known as 'calixarenes' are presented in this edited volume. The arsenal of structures based on calixarenes provides tools which are effective in numerous areas of supramolecular chemistry. The Editors have compiled a timely volume which contains up to date, high calibre contributions from a large number of international authors. A broad perspective on the progress and future of calixarene chemistry is presented. Aimed at students and researchers active in Supramolecular Chemistry.

Drawing on reports published since 2005, this book is the only one to cover the latest advances concerning the properties of calixarenes of various structures, while highlighting their future applications in science and new technologies. Clearly divided into three main topic areas, this monograph deals with the synthesis of new calixarenes and their functionalization, properties and applications of such related compounds as resorcinarenes, cavitands, and capsules, as well as practical applications of the species considered.