Birth Of A Market

The evolution of “a marvel of modern finance,” the market for U.S. Treasury securities, from 1917 to 1939. The market for U.S. Treasury securities is a marvel of modern finance. In 2009 the Treasury auctioned $8.2 trillion of new securities, ranging from 4-day bills to 30-year bonds, in 283 offerings on 171 different days. By contrast, in the decade before World War I, there was only about $1 billion of interest-bearing Treasury debt outstanding, spread out over just six issues. New offerings were rare, and the debt was narrowly held, most of it owned by national banks. In Birth of a Market, Kenneth Garbade traces the development of the Treasury market from a financial backwater in the years before World War I to a multibillion dollar market on the eve of World War II. Garbade focuses on Treasury debt management policies, describing the origins of several pillars of modern Treasury practice, including “regular and predictable” auction offerings and the integration of debt and cash management. He recounts the actions of Secretaries of the Treasury, from William McAdoo in the Wilson administration to Henry Morgenthau in the Roosevelt administration, and their responses to economic conditions. Garbade's account covers the Treasury market in the two decades before World War I, how the Treasury financed the Great War, how it managed the postwar refinancing and paydowns, and how it financed the chronic deficits of the Great Depression. He concludes with an examination of aspects of modern Treasury debt management that grew out of developments from 1917 to 1939.

Into the Red explores the emergence of a credit card market in post-Soviet Russia during the formative period from 1988 to 2007. In her analysis, Alya Guseva locates the dynamics of market building in the social structure, specifically the creative use of social networks. Until now, network scholars have overlooked the role that networks play in facilitating exchange in mass markets because they have exclusively focused on firm-to-firm or person-to-person ties. Into the Red demonstrates how networks that combine individuals and organizations help to build markets for mass consumption. The book is situated on the cutting edge of emerging interdisciplinary research, linking multiple layers of analysis with institutional evolution. Using an intricate framework, Guseva chronicles both the creation of a credit card market and the making of a mass consumer. These processes are placed in the context of the ongoing restructuring in postcommunist Russia and the expansion of Western markets and ideologies through the rest of the world.

It is widely believed today that the free market is the best mechanism ever invented to efficiently allocate resources in society. Just as fundamental as faith in the free market is the belief that government has a legitimate and competent role in policing and the punishment arena. This curious incendiary combination of free market efficiency and the Big Brother state has become seemingly obvious, but it hinges on the illusion of a supposedly natural order in the economic realm. The Illusion of Free Markets argues that our faith in “free markets” has severely distorted American politics and punishment practices. Bernard Harcourt traces the birth of the idea of natural order to eighteenth-century economic thought and reveals its gradual evolution through the Chicago School of economics and ultimately into today’s myth of the free market. The modern category of “liberty” emerged in reaction to an earlier, integrated vision of punishment and public economy, known in the eighteenth century as “police.” This development shaped the dominant belief today that competitive markets are inherently efficient and should be sharply demarcated from a government-run penal sphere. This modern vision rests on a simple but devastating illusion. Superimposing the political categories of “freedom” or “discipline” on forms of market organization has the unfortunate effect of obscuring rather than enlightening. It obscures by making both the free market and the prison system seem natural and necessary. In the process, it facilitated the birth of the penitentiary system in the nineteenth century and its ultimate culmination into mass incarceration today.

Key insights into birth order help readers understand themselves and improve their marriage, parenting, and career skills.

Introduction: America's Business with China -- Founding a Free, Trading Republic -- The Paradox of a Pacific Policy -- Troubled Waters -- Sovereign Rights, or America's First Opium Problem -- The Empire's New Roads -- This Slave Trade of the Nineteenth Century -- A Propped-Open Door -- Death of a Trade, Birth of a Market.

LIKE CARRYING AROUND YOUR OWN BUSINESS LAWYER, BUT WITHOUT ALL THE TALKING AND BILLS. Birth to Buyout gives you a straightforward, easy-to-grasp understanding of the business law questions and answers you need to run your business and prosper. Packed with refreshingly candid information, Birth to Buyout tackles business law topics in terms you can understand. Organized to guide you through all stages of your business - from Birth to Buyout - you learn: SET UP A COMPANY * The difference between Corporations, S-Corporations and Limited Liability Companies * How to pick the right entity for you * Where you should set up your company * How to pick a company name * What to take to the bank when you set up your company bank account * What to put in your business plan YOU AND YOUR PARTNERS * The big conversation you and your partners need to have at the beginning of your venture * Picking officers, officer titles and salaries * How to make sure you can get out when you want * How to kick out another owner * Setting up your Board of Directors * Dangers of serving on the Board * How to be a great Board member GETTING FUNDED * The difference between debt and equity * What investors expect from you * The parts of an investment deal * How to divide control between founders and investors * Securities laws * Sources of debt financing * Parts of a loan * Building business credit INTERNET CONTRACTS * What you need to put in your website privacy policy and Terms of Use * Avoiding liability from user generated content * Kids information under COPPA OFFICE LEASE * Negotiating the rent * Difference among net leases, double net and triple net leases EMPLOYEES & INDEPENDENT CONTRACTORS * What goes in an employment contract * Noncompetes * Union contracts and collective bargaining * Nondiscrimination laws * Screening candidates, including immigration forms * How to follow rules about minimum wage and overtime and payroll INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY * Trademark * Copyright * Patent * How to get the rights through licensing or buying the IP MANUFACTURING * How to plan your whole manufacturing and fulfillment process * How to get a prototype made * How to discover the regulations you have to know about and follow * How to hire a manufacturer SALES AND MARKETING * How to get your product sold * Distribution channel options * Advertising and promotions * How to comply with advertising laws * What goes into your contract with distributors or sales agents * CanSpam and telemarketing rules GETTING PROTECTION AGAINST LIABILITY * Contracts * Insurance and Bonds * Vigilant Due Diligence GETTING RICH * Valuing a business * Valuing stock * Process of selling your company * Term Sheets * Representations and Warranties * Closing * Post closing * Tips to make for a peaceful sale AND, THERE'S A STORY - MEET HAP, HAZARD AND A LAWYER NAMED GRAVITY. Birth to Buyout is not just a business law almanac. Birth to Buyout spins forward on the story of two cubicle workers who make a run for entrepreneurship just as big corporate culture is closing in, all with the help of their corporate lawyer (if you just want the law, you can skip the story pages). Birth to Buyout was written to be an easy-to-follow guide to business law. That's why: * All explanations are in plain English * Charts and diagrams are used to make the law clear * The book celebrates American entrepreneurship and how it can truly set you free

Work out what kind of birth you really want, and learn how to maximise your chances of getting it, in this refreshing, warm and witty guide to pregnancy, birth and the early weeks. Packed with vital and cutting-edge information on everything from building the ultimate birth plan, to your choices and rights in the birth room; from optimal cord clamping, to seeding the microbiome; from the inside track on breastfeeding, to woman-centred caesarean, The Positive Birth Book shows you how to have the best possible birth, regardless of whether you plan to have your baby in hospital, in the birth centre, at home or by elective caesarean. Find out how the environment you give birth in, your mindset and your expectations can influence the kind of birth you have, and be inspired by the voices of real women, who tell you the truth about what giving birth really feels like. Challenging negativity and fear of childbirth, and brimming with everything you need to know about labour, birth, and the early days of parenting, The Positive Birth Book is the must-have birth book for women of the 21st century.