Bacterial Locomotion Flagellar Propulsion Ciliary Propulsion New Problems In Propulsion Of Micro Organisms V2 Swimming Of Larger Animals Flight Of Birds And Insects

The Symposium on Swimming and Flying in Nature which was held at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California from July 8-12, 1974 was conceived with the objective of providing an interdisciplinary forum for the discussion of funda mental biological and fluid mechanical aspects of these forms of natura110comotion. It was the earnest hope of all concerned in the organization of the Symposium that the exchange of knowledge and interaction of ideas from the disciplines involved would stimu late new research in this developing field. If the liveliness of the discussion generated among the 250 or so participants is any measure, then this objective was fulfilled to a significant degree. These two companion volumes contain the manuscripts of the papers presented during the Symposium. It is hoped that this permanent record will serve to perpetuate the enthusiasm and active thought generated during those days in Pasadena. The first volume contains the proceedings of the first two days of the confer ence (Sessions I to IV) which concentrated on the locomotion of micro-organisms. The second volume (Sessions V to VIII) deals with the propulsion of larger fish, insects and birds. Professor Sir James Lighthill's Special Invited Lecture which opened the Symposium is contained in the second volume, rather than the first, since it deals with natural flight.

This talk will first make an expository survey on the recent development of the low-Reynolds-number hydrodynamics pertaining to micro organism locomotion. The scope of interest will be focused on two primary modes of swimming in this flow regime, namely the flagellar and ciliary propulsion. In order to overcome the shortcoming of classical resistive-force theory, the improved slender-body theory requires an accurate account of (1) the long-range force field generated by the flagellar motion (which is invariably of finite amplitude), (2) the interaction between the cell body and flagella, and (3) the state of self-propulsion.

The first animals evolved in the oceans, which formed the context for evolutionary innovations spanning from the first specialized locomotory appendages, to the first nervous systems. Fluid dynamical constraints thus provide insight into biomechanical adaptations in early animals, illustrating how physical forces shaped the diversity of early body plans and life history strategies. This thesis seeks to bridge the existing body of work on the locomotion of microorganisms at low Reynolds numbers, with broader questions related to the origin of multicellularity and the invertebrate nervous systems. First, I review the existing literature on the biophysics of cilia and flagella, the fundamental cellular organelles that enable locomotion at low Reynolds numbers. This review specially focuses on the different modeling paradigms that apply across scales--from singularity-type hydrodynamic models describing single flagella, to topological models describing large ensembles of interacting cilia. Next, I describe a new type of cilia-driven swimming behavior that we recently observed in starfish larvae. This swimming gait involves the formation of dense vortex arrays around the swimming animal, which we find entrain and capture edible algae, the animals' primary food source. I describe how this adaptation is novel among known low-Reynolds number swimmers, and how it is enabled by the larvae's unique ability to control its cilia using its nervous system. Next, I discuss more broadly the appearance and role of neuronally-controlled ciliary bands in the swimming behavior of invertebrates. I highlight an unusual behavioral phenomenon occurring in many invertebrates, wherein the animal periodically and rapidly modulates its global ciliary beat pattern, producing substantial changes in the the larval flow field. Using a combination of hydrodynamic experiments and theoretical models, I show that these modulations are sufficient to induce strong chaotic mixing of the local flow field, further enhancing the organism's feeding rate.

From experts in engineering and biology, this is the first book to integrate sensor and actuator technology with bioinspired design.

INTRODUCTION TO MARINE BIOLOGY, 4E, International Edition sparks curiosity about the marine world and provides an understanding of the process of science. Taking an ecological approach and intended for non-science majors, the text provides succinct coverage of the content while the photos and art clearly illustrate key concepts. Studying is made easy with phonetic pronunciations, a running glossary of key terms, end-of-chapter questions, and suggestions for further reading at the end of each chapter. The open look and feel of INTRODUCTION TO MARINE BIOLOGY, 4E, International Edition and the enhanced art program convey the beauty and awe of life in the ocean. Twenty spectacular photos open the chapters, piquing the motivation and attention of students, and over 60 photos and pieces of art are new or redesigned.

Provides a summary of the fluid dynamics of the locomotion of living organisms. Describes biological phenomena in detail from the swimming of bacteria and fish to the flying of insects and birds.