Aviation Security Privacy Data Protection And Other Human Rights Technologies And Legal Principles

This book sheds light on aviation security, considering both technologies and legal principles. It considers the protection of individuals in particular their rights to privacy and data protection and raises aspects of international law, human rights and data security, among other relevant topics. Technologies and practices which arise in this volume include body scanners, camera surveillance, biometrics, profiling, behaviour analysis, and the transfer of air passenger personal data from airlines to state authorities. Readers are invited to explore questions such as: What right to privacy and data protection do air passengers have? How can air passenger rights be safeguarded, whilst also dealing appropriately with security threats at airports and in airplanes? Chapters explore these dilemmas and examine approaches to aviation security which may be transferred to other areas of transport or management of public spaces, thus making the issues dealt with here of paramou nt importance to privacy and human rights more broadly. The work presented here reveals current processes and tendencies in aviation security, such as globalization, harmonization of regulation, modernization of existing data privacy regulation, mechanisms of self-regulation, the growing use of Privacy by Design, and improving passenger experience. This book makes an important contribution to the debate on what can be considered proportionate security, taking into account concerns of privacy and related human rights including the right to health, freedom of movement, equal treatment and non-discrimination, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, and the rights of the child. It will be of interest to graduates and researchers in areas of human rights, international law, data security and related areas of law or information science and technology. I think it will also be of interest to other categories (please see e.g. what the reviewers have written) "I think that the book would be of great appeal for airports managing bodies, regulators, Civil Aviation Authorities, Data Protection Authorities, air carriers, any kind of security companies, European Commission Transport Directorate, European Air Safety Agency (EASA), security equipment producers, security agencies like the US TSA, university researchers and teachers." "Lawyers (aviation, privacy and IT lawyers), security experts, aviation experts (security managers of airports, managers and officers from ANSPs and National Aviation Authorities), decision makers, policy makers (EASA, EUROCONTROL, EU commission)"

The law plays a significant role in ensuring aviation security. This book addresses new and emerging threats to civil aviation; evaluates security tools now in use such as the Public Key Directory, Advance Passenger Information, Passenger Name Record and Machine Readable travel documents in the context of their legal and regulatory background; and discusses applicable security treaties while providing an insight into the process of the security audits conducted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The book also examines issues of legal responsibility of States and individuals for terrorist acts of third parties against civil aviation and discusses from a legal perspective the latest liability Conventions adopted at ICAO. The Conclusion of the book provides an insight into the application oflegal principles through risk management.

The second edition of Historical Dictionary of Human Rights explores both the theory and the practice of international human rights with a focus on the norms and institutions that make up the “architecture” of the global human rights regime and the tools, processes and procedures through which such norms are realized and “enforced.” Particular attention is given to the contextual political and sociological factors that shape and constrain the operation and functioning of international human rights institutions and their state and non-state actors. This is done through a chronology, an introduction, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has more than 1.000 cross-referenced entries on terminology, conventions, treaties, intergovernmental organizations in the United Nations, and non-governmental organizations, as well as some of the pioneers and defenders. This book is an excellent resource for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about human rights.

Aviation law is a rapidly evolving field that addresses the regulatory, operational, and safety aspects of the aviation industry. "Recent Developments in Aviation Laws" provides an in-depth analysis of the latest changes and trends shaping this crucial area. This book explores significant regulatory updates introduced by international bodies like the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and national aviation authorities, aimed at enhancing safety, security, and environmental sustainability. The book examines how aviation law is adapting to these changes, ensuring the safe integration of new technologies into airspace. Recent international agreements and national regulations reflect this shift, aiming to make aviation more eco-friendly. The book also delves into passenger rights, highlighting recent enhancements in compensation for delays, disability accommodations, and data privacy protections. Globalization and international agreements continue to shape the legal landscape, emphasizing the need for cooperation and harmonization of regulations across borders. "Recent Developments in Aviation Laws" is an essential resource for legal professionals, industry stakeholders, and policymakers, offering comprehensive insights into the current and future state of aviation law.

Published in 1998. The various conventions which apply to the subject of unlawful interface with civil aviation have proved effective only to the extent of nurturing existing values of international law as they are restrictively perceived through the parameters of air law. This book examines the offence of unlawful interference with international civil aviation and analyses critically the legal and regulatory regime that applies thereto, with a view to recommending measures that are calculated to infuse a new approach to the problem. Emphasis is laid throughout the work on action which may be taken to alleviate the problem of unlawful interference. Its conclusion incorporates various steps that can be taken towards achieving this objective. The author focuses on the core of the problem which has effectively precluded significant progress into inroads that would curb the threat terrorism in aviation: the attitude of the international community. The book therefore examines in limine the fundamental role of international law in the light of the United Nationals Congress of International Public Law of March 1995, and its effect on international criminal law. It then determines the applicable principles of State sovereignty and examines the principles of State responsibility. Its main purpose is to recommend the establishment of a new philosophy of international criminal law which transcends municipal boundaries. Academic, scholarly and judicial precedent for this book is the adduced in support of this argument. The book also examines the role of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) as the regulatory body responsible for civil aviation, in the context of new approaches made by the international community towards the status of ICAO in aviation security. The practical value of this work essentially lies in the legal recommendations it makes at its conclusion, which are based on existing principles of international law. It will thus be invaluable not only to international and aviation lawyers, criminal lawyers (both international and national), security professionals and teachers and students of international law, but also to aviation industry executives and regulatory agency specialists whose responsibilities impinge on or are determined by existing and evolving legal and security measures.

"This book spans a number of interdependent and emerging topics in the area of legal protection of privacy and technology and explores the new threats that cyberspace poses to the privacy of individuals, as well as the threats that surveillance technologies generate in public spaces and in digital communication"--Provided by publisher.

International Aviation Labour Law explores the status quo of the international regulation of labour and employment within the air transport industry and provides a detailed analysis of the regulatory endeavours undertaken at the international, European and domestic level to harmonise aviation labour regulations and ensure adequate labour standards for aircrew members. Offering an original insight into the regulation of labour in the aviation sector and airline industry, it analyses regulatory endeavours undertaken at the international, European and domestic level, exploring the main challenges arising from non-uniform and fragmented regulation of labour standards in the air transport sector. In particular, it investigates whether aviation labour regulations are sufficiently harmonised at an international level to ensure adequate labour standards for aircrew members. Key concerns relating to aviation labour are dealt with from a regulatory and practical perspective, and the current normative gaps are examined in view of potential future regulatory trends and solutions via a thorough analysis of the applicable legislation, landmark court decisions and the use of practical examples, to provide an overview of the various nuances of the topic. The book identifies and explore the main implications and repercussions of regulatory asymmetry and highlights the critical role of labour for air transport and how discrepancies in labour regulation may affect the practice of flying and the essence of aviation safety. It emphasises a strong need for international regulatory coordination and is a key reference for a varied audience of students, academics, professionals and rule-makers involved in the air transport arena and for all those who have an interest in the regulation of labour and employment in aviation.

This book addresses new technologies being considered by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for screening airport passengers for concealed weapons and explosives. The FAA is supporting the development of promising new technologies that can reveal the presence not only of metal-based weapons as with current screening technologies, but also detect plastic explosives and other non-metallic threat materials and objects, and is concerned that these new technologies may not be appropriate for use in airports for other than technical reasons. This book presents discussion of the health, legal, and public acceptance issues that are likely to be raised regarding implementation of improvements in the current electromagnetic screening technologies, implementation of screening systems that detect traces of explosive materials on passengers, and implementation of systems that generate images of passengers beneath their clothes for analysis by human screeners.

All of the topics discussed in this book – from sovereignty to cybercrime, and from drones to the identification of passengers & privacy – are profoundly affected by algorithms; so are air traffic services and aeronautical communications. All of these aviation-related aspects are addressed in a 75-year-old treaty called the Chicago Convention and its Annexes, which, as this book argues, needs to be reviewed with a focus on its relevance and applicability in connection with Moore’s Law, which posits that transistors in computer microchips double in speed, power and performance every two years, while the cost of computers is halved during the same period. Firstly, in terms of traditional territorial sovereignty, we have arrived at a point where there is a concept of data sovereignty and ownership that raises issues of privacy. Data transmission becomes ambivalent in terms of territorial sovereignty, and the Westphalian model may not be the perfect answer. Whether it be the manufacture of airplanes, the transfer of data on individuals, or the transmission of aeronautical and telecommunications information – all have to be carried out in accordance with the same fundamental principle: duty of care. Against the backdrop of the relevant provisions of the Chicago Convention and its Annexes, the detailed analysis presented here covers key areas such as: megatrends; AI and international law in the digital age; blockchain and aviation; drones; aviation and telecommunications; aviation and the Internet; cybersecurity; and digital identification of passengers & privacy. In turn, the book suggests how we can best manage this transition.

This book presents novel hybrid encryption algorithms that possess many different characteristics. In particular, “Hybrid Encryption Algorithms over Wireless Communication Channels”, examines encrypted image and video data for the purpose of secure wireless communications. A study of two different families of encryption schemes are introduced: namely, permutation-based and diffusion-based schemes. The objective of the book is to help the reader selecting the best suited scheme for the transmission of encrypted images and videos over wireless communications channels, with the aid of encryption and decryption quality metrics. This is achieved by applying number-theory based encryption algorithms, such as chaotic theory with different modes of operations, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and the RC6 in a pre-processing step in order to achieve the required permutation and diffusion. The Rubik’s cube is used afterwards in order to maximize the number of permutations. Transmission of images and videos is vital in today’s communications systems. Hence, an effective encryption and modulation schemes are a must. The author adopts Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), as the multicarrier transmission choice for wideband communications. For completeness, the author addresses the sensitivity of the encrypted data to the wireless channel impairments, and the effect of channel equalization on the received images and videos quality. Complete simulation experiments with MATLAB® codes are included. The book will help the reader obtain the required understanding for selecting the suitable encryption method that best fulfills the application requirements.