Antiretroviral Treatment As Prevention Taspof Hiv And Tb

​HIV Treatment as Prevention: Primer for Behavior-Based Implementation provides the first practical guide to integrating behavioral prevention with antiretroviral therapies for people living with HIV infection. This brief book discusses the historical and social context embedding the shifting landscape in HIV prevention, where the use of effective treatments have become the focus of HIV prevention. While using treatments for prevention is promising, the history of HIV prevention offers several important pitfalls that must be avoided if HIV treatments are to ultimately succeed in preventing new HIV infections. Lessons learned from the successes and failures of other biomedical technologies used in HIV prevention, specifically syringes, condoms, and HIV testing are critical to the success of using HIV treatments for prevention. HIV Treatment as Prevention: Primer for Behavior-Based Implementation summarizes the scientific evidence for advancing the use of antiretroviral therapies for HIV prevention. The evidence makes clear that HIV treatments can prevent HIV transmission, but will fail if behavioral aspects of treatment and HIV transmission are ignored. Of greatest concern are medication adherence and risks for contracting other sexually transmitted infections. Placing HIV treatment within the context of behavioral interventions for maintaining medication adherence and reducing sexual risk behaviors is therefore essential to the future of HIV prevention. HIV Treatment as Prevention: Primer for Behavior-Based Implementation highlights two pioneering behavioral interventions aimed at maximizing the effects of antiretroviral therapies for preventing HIV transmission. One of the interventions, developed by the Author’s research team, is discussed in detail and the intervention manual is included as an Appendix.

Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.

​HIV Treatment as Prevention: Primer for Behavior-Based Implementation provides the first practical guide to integrating behavioral prevention with antiretroviral therapies for people living with HIV infection. This brief book discusses the historical and social context embedding the shifting landscape in HIV prevention, where the use of effective treatments have become the focus of HIV prevention. While using treatments for prevention is promising, the history of HIV prevention offers several important pitfalls that must be avoided if HIV treatments are to ultimately succeed in preventing new HIV infections. Lessons learned from the successes and failures of other biomedical technologies used in HIV prevention, specifically syringes, condoms, and HIV testing are critical to the success of using HIV treatments for prevention. HIV Treatment as Prevention: Primer for Behavior-Based Implementation summarizes the scientific evidence for advancing the use of antiretroviral therapies for HIV prevention. The evidence makes clear that HIV treatments can prevent HIV transmission, but will fail if behavioral aspects of treatment and HIV transmission are ignored. Of greatest concern are medication adherence and risks for contracting other sexually transmitted infections. Placing HIV treatment within the context of behavioral interventions for maintaining medication adherence and reducing sexual risk behaviors is therefore essential to the future of HIV prevention. HIV Treatment as Prevention: Primer for Behavior-Based Implementation highlights two pioneering behavioral interventions aimed at maximizing the effects of antiretroviral therapies for preventing HIV transmission. One of the interventions, developed by the Author’s research team, is discussed in detail and the intervention manual is included as an Appendix.

Treatment as prevention® (TasP®) proposes a new way to end AIDS by requiring people living with HIV/AIDS (PWAs) to strictly adhere to lifelong HIV treatment, effectively making them non-infectious. Essentially, TasP attempts to stop the spread of HIV at the source. Yet, this radical prevention intervention is not without individual and collective repercussions. With an eye to the growing physical, moral, legal, and political costs of HIV treatment on adherence, this study seeks to describe how adherence has changed throughout the AIDS epidemic in order to understand its function in this present time and place of TasP in Vancouver. Through a Foucauldian genealogy, this dissertation examines how TasP adherence practices re-asserts colonial hierarchies. Guided by critical race and postcolonial theories, I argue that race and racism distinguish those who are made to live from those left to die in this new war on AIDS, a war against PWAs. Using biopower as an analytical framework, I emphasize the continued role of sovereign power, a repressive power alongside productive power. To examine adherence, I investigate specific moments in time and across place to ground Vancouver's current TasP rationale and practices, beginning with the scientific role and methods of late 19th century colonial medicine through to present day TasP. I delve into TasP's scientific rationale by analyzing the first uses of antiretroviral treatment for HIV prevention. Next, I outline the changes in British Columbia's public health law along with Vancouver's clinical guidelines and protocols. Then, I position artwork produced by PWAs as important sites of knowledge, providing insight into the multiple effects of antiretroviral therapy. To conclude, I argue that TasP works as an imperial formation as it uses force in the construction of its subjects. I suggest TasP pushes us to confront this ethical question: to what end and at whose expense are we willing to end AIDS? At its most basic level, this project seeks to disrupt the seemingly neutral scientific language of TasP by showing how scientific knowledge regarding adherence practices draw from histories relying on, recuperating, and revising the interlocking structures of colonialism, racism, sexism, poverty, and sexuality.

These guidelines provide guidance on the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection and the care of people living with HIV. They are structured along the continuum of HIV testing, prevention, treatment and care. This edition updates the 2013 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs following an extensive review of evidence and consultations in mid-2015, shared at the end of 2015, and now published in full in 2016. It is being published in a changing global context for HIV and for health more broadly.

The advent in 1996 of potent combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), sometimes called HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) or cART (effective combination antiretroviral therapy), changed the course of the HIV epidemic. These "cocktails" of three or more antiretroviral drugs used in combination gave patients and scientists new hope for fighting the epidemic and have significantly improved life expectancy-to decades rather than months. For many years, scientists believed that treating HIV-infected persons also significantly reduced their risk of transmitting the infection to sexual and drug-using partners who did not have the virus. The circumstantial evidence was substantial, but no one had conducted a randomized clinical trial--the gold standard for proving an intervention works. That changed in 2011 with the publication of findings from_the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 052 study, a randomized clinical trial designed in part to evaluate whether the early initiation of ART can prevent the sexual transmission of HIV among heterosexual couples in which one partner is HIV-infected and the other is not. This landmark study validated that early HIV treatment has a profound prevention benefit: results showed that the risk of transmitting HIV to an uninfected partner was reduced by 96%.

“AIDS is kind of like life, just speeded up. ” JavonP. ,heroinaddictwithAIDS, Bronx,NewYork, 1988 “Now I’m not so much scared of dying as scared of living. ” Mike D. , heroin addict with AIDS, New Haven, Connecticut, 1998 Within little more than a decade, AIDS has been tranformed from an untreatable, rapidly fatal illness, into a manageable, chronic disease. Most of this tranformation has occurred in the past five years, accelerated by the advent of protease inhibitors and the proven benefits of combination antiretroviral therapy and prophylaxis against opportunistic infections. For people living with HIV/AIDS, these developments have offered unprecedented hope, and also new challenges. As reflected in the quotes above, some of the anxieties and anticipation of premature dying have been replaced by the uncertainties involved in living with a long-term, unpredictable illness. The role of caregivers for people with HIV/AIDS has also changed radically over this time. Earlier in the epidemic, we learned to accompany patients through illness, to bear witness, to advocate, to address issues of death, dying, and - reavement. The arrival of more effective therapy has brought with it new capabi- ties, but also new complexities, raising difficult problems concerning access to care, adherence, and toxicity.

In this book by the award-winning author of Just Healthcare, Norman Daniels develops a comprehensive theory of justice for health that answers three key questions: what is the special moral importance of health? When are health inequalities unjust? How can we meet health needs fairly when we cannot meet them all? Daniels' theory has implications for national and global health policy: can we meet health needs fairly in ageing societies? Or protect health in the workplace while respecting individual liberty? Or meet professional obligations and obligations of justice without conflict? When is an effort to reduce health disparities, or to set priorities in realising a human right to health, fair? What do richer, healthier societies owe poorer, sicker societies? Just Health: Meeting Health Needs Fairly explores the many ways that social justice is good for the health of populations in developed and developing countries.

One in five people in the United States had a sexually transmitted infection (STI) on any given day in 2018, totaling nearly 68 million estimated infections. STIs are often asymptomatic (especially in women) and are therefore often undiagnosed and unreported. Untreated STIs can have severe health consequences, including chronic pelvic pain, infertility, miscarriage or newborn death, and increased risk of HIV infection, genital and oral cancers, neurological and rheumatological effects. In light of this, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, through the National Association of County and City Health Officials, commissioned the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee to examine the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections in the United States and provide recommendations for action. In 1997, the Institute of Medicine released a report, The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Although significant scientific advances have been made since that time, many of the problems and barriers described in that report persist today; STIs remain an underfunded and comparatively neglected field of public health practice and research. The committee reviewed the current state of STIs in the United States, and the resulting report, Sexually Transmitted Infections: Advancing a Sexual Health Paradigm, provides advice on future public health programs, policy, and research.