Abstracts Reviews In Alcohol Driving

From the conference: Research Workshop on Alcohol and the Drinking Driver, 2-4 May 1984, Bethesda, Md.

Alcohol, Drugs, and Impaired Driving addresses many theoretical and practical issues related to the role played by alcohol and other psychoactive drugs on driving performance, road-traffic safety, and public health. Several key forensic issues are involved in the enforcement of laws regulating driving under the influence of alcohol and/or other drugs, including analytical toxicology, pharmacology of drug action, as well as the relationships between dose taken, concentration levels in the body, and impairment of performance and behavior. Our knowledge of drunken driving is much more comprehensive than drugged driving, so a large part of this book is devoted to alcohol impairment, as well as impairment caused by use of drugs other than alcohol. For convenience, the book is divided into four main sections. The first section gives some historical background about measuring alcohol in blood and breath as evidence for the prosecution of traffic offenders. The important role of the Breathalyzer instrument in traffic-law enforcement, especially in Australia, Canada, and the USA is presented along with a biographical sketch of its inventor (Professor Robert F. Borkenstein of Indiana University) with focus on the man, his work and his impact. The second section discusses several issues related to forensic blood and breath-alcohol alcohol analysis as evidence for prosecution of traffic offenders. This includes how the results should be interpreted in relation to impairment and an evaluation of common defense challenges. Because most countries have adopted concentration per se laws, the main thrust of the prosecution case is the suspect’s measured blood- or breath-alcohol concentration. This legal framework necessitates that the analytical methods used are "fit for purpose" and are subjected to rigorous quality assurance procedures. The third section gives a broad overview of the current state of knowledge about driving under the influence of non-alcohol drugs in various countries. This includes adoption of zero-tolerance laws, concentration per se statutes, and clinical evidence of driver impairment based on field sobriety tests and drug recognition expert evidence. The fourth section deals with epidemiology, enforcement, and countermeasures aimed at reducing the threat of drunken and drugged driving. All articles have appeared previously in the international journal Forensic Science Review, but all are completely updated with current data, references, and the latest research on developments since the articles were published. This book contains a convenient collection of the best articles covering recommendations for blood and breath testing methods, public policy relating to such methods, and forensic and legal implications of the enforcement of measures to counter driving under the influence.

Machine generated contents note: -- Part I. Alcohol Use Disorders: Perspectives from Developmental Psychopathology and Developmental Science -- Chapter 1. Developmental Science, Alcohol Use Disorders and the Risk-Resilience Continuum -- Leon Puttler, Robert A. Zucker, and Hiram E. Fitzgerald -- Chapter 2. A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on Substance Use: Illustrations from the Study of Child Maltreatment -- Dante Cicchetti and Fred Rogosch -- Chapter 3. Multifinality, Equifinality and the Heterogeneity of Alcoholism. -- Andrea Hussong, Drew Rothenberg, Ruth K. Smith, and Maleeha Haroon -- Part II. Alcohol Use Disorders: Developmental Neurobiology and Early Organization of Risk -- Chapter 4. A Developmental Perspective on the Genetic Basis of Substance Use and Abuse -- Elisa Trucoo, Gabriel L. Schlomer, and Brian Hicks -- Chapter 5. Alcohol Used Disorder: Role of Epigenetics -- Igor Ponomarev -- Chapter 6: Brain Functional Contributors to Vulnerability for Substance Abuse: -- Mary M. Heitzeg -- Part III. Alcohol Use Disorders: Developmental Transitions from Infancy to Adolescence -- Chapter 7. Etiological processes for substance use disorders beginning in infancy -- Rena D. Eiden -- Chapter 8. Sleep Problems during the Preschool Years and Beyond as a Marker of Risk and Resilience in Substance Use? -- Maria Wong -- Chapter 9. Self-regulation, Behavioral Inhibition, and Risk for Alcoholism and Substance Use Disorders. -- Joel T. Nigg -- Chapter 10: A Framework for Studying Parental Socialization of Child and Adolescent Substance Use. -- John Donovan -- Chapter 11: Alcohol and Youth: Evaluations of Developmental Impact -- Guadalupe A. Bacio, Ty Brumback and Sandra A. Brown -- Part IV. Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders: Developmental Transitions from Adolescence to Emergent Adulthood -- Chapter12: Substance Use and Abuse during Adolescence and the Transition to Adulthood are Developmental Phenomena: Conceptual and Empirical Considerations. -- John Schulenberg, Julie Maslowsky, and Justin Jager -- Chapter 13. Who Is Using Alternative Tobacco Products and Why? Research on Adolescents and Young Adults -- Alexandra Loukas and Deepti Agarwal -- Chapter 14. Developmental Perspectives on Cigarette Smoking: Findings from the IU Smoking Survey -- Laurie Chassin, Clark Presson, Jonathan T. Macy and Steven J. Sherman -- Chapter 15: Alcohol Use and Consequences across Developmental Transitions during College and Beyond -- James R. Ashenhurst and Kim Fromme -- Chapter 16. Developmental Transitions and College Binge Drinking: Why Parents Still Matter. -- Michael Ichiyama, Kayla Swart, Annie Wescott, Sarah Harrison, and Kelly Birch -- Chapter 17. Personality Processes Related to the Development and Resolution of Alcohol Use Disorders: A Long and Continually Evolving Story -- Kenneth Sher, Andrew Littlefield, and Matthew Lee -- strongPart V. Alcohol Use Disorders and Marital Relationships -- Chapter 18: Developmental Transitions and Emergent Causative Influences: Intimacy, Influence, and Alcohol Problems over the Early Years of Marriage. -- Ash Levitt and Kenneth Leonard -- Chapter 19: Social Psychology of Alcohol Involvement, Marital Dissolution, and Marital Interaction Processes across Multiple Time Scales -- James A. Cranford and Catharine E. Fairbarn -- strongPart VI. Developmental Designs: Methodological and Statistical Innovations -- Chapter 20. Integrative Data Analysis from a Unifying Research Synthesis Perspective -- Eun-Young Mun, and Anne E. Ray -- Chapter 21. New Statistical Methods Inspired by Data Collected from Alcohol and Substance Abuse Research. -- Anne Buu and Runze Li -- Index

The report provides an overview of alcohol consumption and harms in relation to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (Chapter 1) presents global strategies action plans and monitoring frameworks (Chapter 2) gives detailed information on: the consumption of alcohol in populations (Chapter 3); the health consequences of alcohol consumption (Chapter 4); and policy responses at national level (Chapter 5). In its final chapter 6 the imperative for reducing harmful use of alcohol in a public health perspective is presented. In addition the report contains country profiles for WHO Member States and appendices with statistical annexes a description of the data sources and methods used to produce the estimates and references.

Discusses the Surgeon General's Workshop on Drunk Driving; research on and prevention of drinking and driving as well as alcohol-drug interactions; use of deterrent laws, treatment versus deterrence, and impersonal prevention. Charts, graphs, black and white photos.