A Bioethical Analysis Of Sexual Reorientation Interventions

Introduction -- Section I: Ethics -- A methodology for ethical analysis -- The stakeholders and their issues -- Section II: Morally relevant facts and fictions -- Homosexual incidence and prevalence -- Cross cultural sexuality -- Bisexuality -- Heterosexism, homonegativity, and homophobia -- Section III: Original theories and theories of origin -- The essentialists and social constructionists -- A biological philosophy of sexual orientation -- A psychological philosophy of sexual orientation -- Sexual reorientation interventions -- The professional associations -- Section IV: Queer philosophy -- Identity evolution and the historical homosexual -- Queer theory -- Homosexual identity development -- Section V: Bioethics -- Bioethics and substituted judgment -- Bioethics and biotechnology -- Bioethics and religion -- Bioethics of sexual shame -- Bioethics and psychiatry -- Section VI: Bioethical analysis -- Postmodern bioethics.

A critical review of the debate over the still-hypothetical possibility of prenatal intervention by parents to select the sexual orientation of their children. Parents routinely turn to prenatal testing to screen for genetic or chromosomal disorders or to learn their child's sex. What if they could use similar prenatal interventions to learn (or change) their child's sexual orientation? Bioethicists have debated the moral implications of this still-hypothetical possibility for several decades. Some commentators fear that any scientific efforts to understand the origins of homosexuality could mean the end of gay and lesbian people, if parents shy away from having homosexual children. Others defend parents' rights to choose the traits of their children in general and see no reason to treat sexual orientation differently. In this book, Timothy Murphy traces the controversy over prenatal selection of sexual orientation, offering a critical review of the literature and presenting his own argument in favor of parents' reproductive liberty. Arguing against commentators who want to restrict the scientific study of sexual orientation or technologies that emerge from that study, Murphy proposes a defense of parents' right to choose. This, he argues, is the only view that helps protect children from hurtful family environments, that is consistent with the increasing powers of prenatal interventions, and that respects human futures as something other than accidents of the genetic lottery.

Gender is one of the most important aspects of human life. It encompasses sexual identities and roles, sexual orientation, lust, pleasure, intimacy, and reproduction. It can also include people’s thoughts, dreams, desires, beliefs, views, values, behaviors, practices, roles, and relationships; but these aspects are not always directly experienced or expressed. Gender is affected by biological, psychological, social, economic, cultural, moral, legal, historical, religious and spiritual interactions. There is little in the way of media coverage or reports about the Iranian LGBT community, and most of these reports are documentaries about people who have left Iran and live in another country. There has been only limited research on the experience of LGB communities in contemporary Iranian society and their views concerning this community. The research for Forbidden Tale seeks to fill this knowledge gap, and is the first research about the LGB community in Iran and the distinctive contexts in which this community functions. The anthropological and fieldwork study of LGB people in Iran by Kameel Ahmady and his team examines the field of gender by looking at the many complex aspects of sexual identity and its intricacies in that community, in the context of an increasing recognition of sexual orientation and the challenges that current practices of LGB and gender in Iran present. Myths and narratives that have often led to misconceptions about gender, and the mistaken policies and practices which ensue from them, are examined to provide a more holistic approach. This study is complex because it enters the realm of private and public life in today’s Iran beyond a simple and general view of sexual orientation and gender-related Impressions. This research first focused on in-depth interviews of over 300 LGB people, 60% male and 40% female, in the three metropolitan cities of Tehran, Mashhad and Isfahan. One specific feature of the research is that it focuses solely on LGB and on trans-sex people who have both male and female sexes, both of which are active at the same time. The focus is on challenges arising from present-day changes in gender relations and interaction in Iran, examining the theoretical and methodological frameworks created by the LGBT community, as well as by universities and research centers, public and social activists, and students outside that community. The main goals of this research project are to understand LGB community’s feelings and beliefs through a critical analysis of their own perspective, and to examine their challenges in living in a religious, class-based, traditional and patriarchal society that rejects LGB as an identity. The vulnerability of LGBT people in Iran has been routinely suppressed. The aim now is to clarify the situation of those who have been deliberately ignored and marginalized. The present study takes advantage of a combination of methods and approaches in order to provide a theoretical method suited for research on LGBT experience and nevertheless, to encompass the feelings and perceptions of the researcher as an ‘objectivity’ in the research confirmation criteria. This research was conducted between 2017-2018 and field data were collected in summer and autumn, 2017. #discrimination_in_Iran #gender_problem_in_Iran #discrimination # gender #women #gay #lesbian #bisexual #transsexual #lgbtq #lgbt #LGBTQ_in_Iran #LGBT_in_Iran #LGB_ right_in_Iran #LGBT_ discrimination_Iran #Homophobia_in_Iran #Gay_Lesbian_Bisexual_in_Iran #Homosexuality_in_Iran

This book offers new essays exploring concepts and applications of nonideal theory in bioethics. Nonideal theory refers to an analytic approach to moral and political philosophy (especially in relation to justice), according to which we should not assume that there will be perfect compliance with principles, that there will be favorable circumstances for just institutions and right action, or that reasoners are capable of being impartial. Nonideal theory takes the world as it actually is, in all of its imperfections. Bioethicists have called for greater attention to how nonideal theory can serve as a guide in the messy realities they face daily. Although many bioethicists implicitly assume nonideal theory in their work, there is the need for more explicit engagement with this theoretical outlook. A nonideal approach to bioethics would start by examining the sociopolitical realities of healthcare and the embeddedness of moral actors in those realities. How are bioethicists to navigate systemic injustices when completing research, giving guidance for patient care, and contributing to medical and public health policies? When there are no good options and when moral agents are enmeshed in their sociopolitical viewpoints, how should moral theorizing proceed? What do bioethical issues and principles look like from the perspective of historically marginalized persons? These are just a few of the questions that motivate nonideal theory within bioethics. This book begins in Part I with an overview of the foundational tenets of nonideal theory, what nonideal theory can offer bioethics, and why it may be preferable to ideal theory in addressing moral dilemmas in the clinic and beyond. In Part II, authors discuss applications of nonideal theory in many areas of bioethics, including reflections on environmental harms, racism and minority health, healthcare injustices during incarceration and detention, and other vulnerabilities experienced by patients from clinical and public health perspectives. The chapters within each section demonstrate the breadth in scope that nonideal theory encompasses, bringing together diverse theorists and approaches into one collection.

This book identifies, analyses and discusses the nexus of legal issues that have emerged in recent years around sexuality and gender. It audits these against specific human rights requirements and evaluates the outcomes as evidenced in the legislation and caselaw of six leading common law jurisdictions. Beginning with a snapshot of the legal definitions and sanctions associated with the traditional marital family unit, the book examines the subsequently evolving key concepts and constructs before outlining the contemporary international framework of human rights as it relates to matters of sexuality and gender. It proceeds by identifying a set of themes, including the rights to identity, to form a family, to privacy, to equality and to non-discrimination, and undertakes a comparative evaluation of how these and other themes indicate areas of commonality and difference in the approaches adopted in those common law jurisdictions, as illustrated by the associated legislation and caselaw. It then considers why this should be and assesses the implications.

Biolaw and International Criminal Law: Towards Interdisciplinary Synergies investigates the foundational, conceptual and interdisciplinary aspects of an emerging field: International Criminal Biolaw.